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Friendly fire
Friendly fire is an attack by a military force on friendly forces while attempting to attack the enemy, either by misidentifying the target as hostile, or due to errors or inaccuracy. Fire not intended to attack the enemy, such as negligent discharge and deliberate firing on one's own troops for disciplinary reasons, is not called friendly fire.〔Regan, Geoffrey (2002) ''Backfire: a history of friendly fire from ancient warfare to the present day'', Robson Books〕 Nor is unintentional harm to non-combatants or structures, which is sometimes referred to as ''collateral damage''.
Use of the term "friendly" in a military context for allied personnel or materiel dates from the First World War, often for shells falling short.〔Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. cites a 1925 reference to a term used in trenches during the war〕 The term ''friendly fire'' was originally adopted by the United States military. Many North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) militaries refer to these incidents as blue-on-blue, which derives from military exercises where NATO forces were identified by blue pennants and units representing Warsaw Pact forces by orange pennants.
==Addressing friendly fire==
Friendly fire is often seen as an inescapable result of combat, and because it accounts for a small percentage (estimated 2% to, rarely as high as, 20%)〔 Percin, Gen. Alexandre (1921) ''Le Massacre de Notre Infanterie 1914–1918'', Michel Albin, Paris;〕〔Shrader, Charles R. (1982) ''Amicicide: The Problem of Friendly Fire in Modern War'', US Command & General Staff College Survey No.1〕 of casualties, can often be dismissed as irrelevant to the outcome of a battle. The effects of friendly fire, however, are not just material. Troops expect to be targeted by the enemy, but being hit by their own forces has a huge negative impact on morale. Forces doubt the competence of their command, and its prevalence makes commanders more cautious in the field.
Attempts to reduce this effect by military leaders generally come down to identifying the causes of friendly fire and overcoming repetition of the incident through training, tactics and technology.〔Kirke, Charles M. (ed., 2012) ''Fratricide in Battle: (Un)Friendly Fire'' (Continuum Books )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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